Introduction

The doctrine of colourable legislation is a legal principle that aims to prevent the excessive unconstitutional use of the legislative authority of the government. This doctrine is also termed as the 'Fraud on the Constitution'.

What is the Origin of Doctrine of Colourable Legislation?

• This doctrine originated from the Latin maxim “quando aliquid prohibetur ex directo, prohibetur et per obliquum” which means things that cannot be done directly should not be done indirectly either.
• The doctrine of colourable legislation was introduced in India by the British administration who adopted this doctrine from Canada and Australia.
• After independence, the doctrine of colourable legislation remained to be an integral part of the Constitution of India, 1950 (COI).
• The judiciary further developed the doctrine of colourable legislation through its judgements to regulate the legislative authority of the government bodies.

What is the Doctrine of Colourable Legislation?

• This doctrine tests the competence of the legislature against an enacted law.
• It comes into play when a Legislature does not possess the power to make law upon a particular subject but nonetheless indirectly makes one.
• By applying this principle, the fate of the Impugned Legislation is decided.
• It restricts the overstretching of the constituted power of the legislature in a disguised, covert or indirect manner.
• This doctrine is usually applied to Article 246 of the COI which has demarcated the Legislative Competence of the Parliament and the State Legislative Assemblies by outlining the different subjects.

What is Article 246 of the COI?

• This Article deals with the subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States. It states that—

(1) Notwithstanding anything in clauses (2) and (3), Parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in List I in the Seventh Schedule (in this Constitution referred to as the “Union List”).

(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (3), Parliament, and, subject to clause (1), the Legislature of any State also, have power to make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in List III in the Seventh Schedule (in this Constitution referred to as the “Concurrent List”).

(3) Subject to clauses (1) and (2), the Legislature of any State has exclusive power to make laws for such State or any part thereof with respect to any of the matters enumerated in List II in the Seventh Schedule (in this Constitution referred to as the “State List”).

(4) Parliament has power to make laws with respect to any matter for any part of the territory of India not included in a State notwithstanding that such matter is a matter enumerated in the State List.

What is the Applicability Doctrine of Colourable Legislation?

• The Court applies this doctrine to determine the competency of the enactment of such impugned legislation and examines its true and latent nature.
• If the Court finds any transgression of authority by the legislature in making such law, it declares such law as void.

What are the Limitations of Doctrine of Colourable Legislation?

• Subordinate legislation is exempt from the doctrine. It is based only on the question of a legislative body's competence to adopt certain legislation.
• It has no application when there is no constitutional limit and where the powers of a legislature are not restricted by any limitation.
• It is unconcerned about whether the legislation is relevant or irrelevant.
• The notion is unrelated to the legislature's good or bad intentions. It merely considers whether the adopted law falls within the jurisdiction of the legislature.

What is the Landmark Case of Doctrine of Colourable Legislation?

• R.S Joshi v. Ajit Mills (1977):
  • The Supreme Court observed that in the statute of force, the colourable exercise of or extortion on administrative force or misrepresentation on the constitution, are articulations which only imply that the assembly is clumsy to authorize a specific law, albeit the mark of competency is struck on it, and afterwards it is colourable enactment.