Source: The Hindu

Introduction

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has passed a resolution calling for an immediate, durable and sustained humanitarian truce between Israel and Hamas. It also demanded aid access to Gaza. India standing against the terrorist activities promoted by Hamas in Palestine, took stand for Israel. It can be comprehended that the structures constructed by Hamas in Palestine is required to be destroyed in order to combat with terrorism, however the Israel’s illegal occupation over Palestine cannot be overlooked.

The United Nations declared Israel’s control on Palestine as a belligerent occupation. The UN Security Council’s resolutions 242 and 338 called for application of principle of “Land For Peace” in Israel-Palestine conflict.

What is a Belligerent Country?

• A belligerent nation is a country or state that is engaged in war or conflict, typically as an active participant.
• The term "belligerent" is often used to describe a nation that is involved in hostilities, either by initiating aggression or by responding to aggression from another state.
• Belligerent nations are characterised by their military actions and the use of force in pursuit of their political or territorial objectives.
• In international law, the status of being a belligerent brings certain rights and responsibilities, including the recognition of combatant status for military personnel and the adherence to rules and conventions governing armed conflict.
• However, not all conflicts involve officially declared belligerents, as some disputes may be characterised by insurgency, terrorism, or other forms of violence that do not fit traditional definitions of state-on-state warfare.

What is Belligerent Occupation?

• Belligerent occupation refers to a situation in which one state or military force occupies the territory of another state during a time of armed conflict.
• This concept is often associated with international humanitarian law and the laws of war.
• Belligerent occupation occurs when an armed force takes control of a foreign territory as a result of hostilities and maintains effective control over that territory.
• Israel’s occupation on Palestine was recognised as temporary occupation and hence was declared illegal because Israel made a permanent occupation over territory of Palestine, West Bank, and Gaza Strip which was only annexed by UN as de facto occupation.
• It was stated in the UN’s inquiry over Israel that “The actions of Israeli Governments reviewed in our report constitute an illegal occupation”.
• The temporary or de facto nature of occupation enshrined in Article 42 of the Hague Regulations (1907), which finds that “territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army”.

What is the Doctrine of Land for Peace?

• The doctrine of "Land for Peace" refers to a diplomatic and political concept involved in Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
• The basic idea behind the principle is that parties involved in a territorial dispute agree to resolve their differences through negotiations, with one side offering concessions in the form of territorial withdrawals or other compromises in exchange for the other side's commitment to peace.
• In the case of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the "Land for Peace" principle has been a central component of peace talks.
• The idea is that Israel would agree to withdraw from certain territories, such as the West Bank and Gaza Strip, in exchange for recognition of its right to exist and guarantees of peace and security from the Arab states and the Palestinians.
• However, the doctrine was not applied.

Conclusion

The war will have a lasting effect on economy, territory and diplomatic relations of Israel and Palestine. The occupation of Israel on Palestine will remain illegal under International Law until its permanent occupation is not recognized by member countries of the UN.