Introduction

• The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) plays a crucial role in promoting and protecting human rights globally, addressing violations, and fostering international cooperation.
• It is an intergovernmental body within the United Nations system responsible for promoting and protecting human rights around the world.
• It was established in 2006, the Council serves as a forum for dialogue and cooperation among member states, civil society, and other stakeholders to address pressing human rights issues.
• The United Nations Human Rights Council plays a vital role in the global human rights landscape, providing a platform for dialogue, accountability, and cooperation among states and civil society.
• As the Council continues to address emerging challenges and uphold the principles of human rights, its effectiveness will depend on the commitment of member states and the active participation of all stakeholders in the promotion and protection of human rights worldwide.

Establishment and Structure

• The UNHRC was created by the UN General Assembly resolution 60/251 on 15^th March 2006, replacing the former UN Commission on Human Rights.
• The Council consists of 47 member states elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term, with the aim of ensuring equitable geographical representation.
• The Council meets at least three times a year in Geneva, Switzerland, and holds special sessions as needed to address urgent human rights situations.

WFunctions and Responsibilities of UNHRC

• The UNHRC has several key functions, including:
  • Promotion of Human Rights
    • The Council works to promote universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms through various mechanisms, including the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), which assesses the human rights records of all UN member states.
  • Addressing Violations
    • The UNHRC investigates and addresses human rights violations through special procedures, including special rapporteurs, independent experts, and working groups that report on specific issues or country situations.
  • Adoption of Resolutions
    • The Council adopts resolutions on human rights issues, which may include recommendations for member states and calls for action to address violations.
  • Engagement with Civil Society
    • The UNHRC encourages the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other civil society actors in its work, recognizing their vital role in promoting human rights and holding states accountable.

What are Key Initiatives and Mechanisms by UNHRC?

• The UNHRC has implemented various initiatives and mechanisms to enhance its effectiveness in promoting and protecting human rights:
  • Universal Periodic Review (UPR)
    • A unique mechanism that reviews the human rights records of all UN member states every four years, providing an opportunity for states to engage in dialogue and share best practices.
  • Special Procedures
    • Independent experts and special rapporteurs are appointed to monitor and report on specific human rights issues, such as freedom of expression, torture, and the rights of indigenous peoples.
  • Human Rights Council Advisory Committee
    • This body provides expertise and advice to the Council, assisting in the development of new human rights standards and addressing emerging issues.

What is the Complaint Mechanism of the UNHRC?

• UNHRC has established a framework for addressing human rights violations through its complaint mechanism.

• Procedure for Submitting Complaint

Recent Developments

• In recent years, the UNHRC has addressed various pressing human rights issues, including:
  • Responses to Human Rights Violations
    • The Council has condemned human rights abuses in countries such as Syria, Myanmar, and Venezuela, calling for accountability and justice for victims.
  • Focus on Climate Change
    • The UNHRC has increasingly recognized the human rights implications of climate change, emphasizing the need for states to protect the rights of those affected by environmental degradation.
  • Promotion of Gender Equality
    • The Council has taken significant steps to promote gender equality and women's rights, addressing issues such as violence against women and discrimination.